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Ageing
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Ageing means a growing proportion of elderly age groups in the total population. One of the widespread indicators of ageing is mean age. A higher mean age may be due to the ageing of the population in place, but may also be due to selective out-migration of the younger population. Not only the level of ageing but also the pace of ageing is crucial for analysis of population development. |
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Death rate
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The rate of deaths is most commonly measured by the crude death rate, that is, the number of deaths per year per 1000 residents. |
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Dependency ratio
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The ratio of those typically not in the labour force (the
dependentpart) and those typically in the labour force (the
productivepart). It is used to measure the pressure on productive population. |
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Demographic coaching
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Professional support on issues related to demographic change for those responsible in communes. Its main aims include assisting the identification and implementation of projects that deal with the adaptation of infrastructure to demographic change. The focus of work of demography coach lies, above all, in communication, aggregation and networking of actors and content. |
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Hard infrastructure
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The term ’infrastructure’ refers to the basic physical and organisational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Hard infrastructure includes technical structures that support the operation of a society, such as roads, bridges, water supply, sewage systems, electrical grids, of telecommunications.22
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Life expectancy
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Life expectancy at birth is a synthetic indicator of quality of life which reflects past and current living conditions (the nature of jobs, quality of healthcare, economic and environmental conditions, etc.) and habits (consumption and eating habits, lifestyle, social conditions, etc.). From a demographic perspective a higher life expectancy means a longer period of healthy active life but also a longer period of life with a need for health-care services. |
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Local supply
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Services fulfilling the people’s everyday needs, such as, household goods (e.g. food, medicals), personal services (e.g. cleaning, catering, law) and communication (e.g. postal services), typically delivered close to the place of residence. |
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Natural population change
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Natural population change is the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year). It can be either positive or negative. Natural population increase is a positive natural change, when the number of live births is larger than the number of deaths during the time period considered. Natural population decrease is the opposite, a negative natural change, when number of deaths exceeds the number of births.23
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Net migration rate
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Net migration rate is the difference of immigrants and outmigrants of an area in a period of time, divided (usually) per 1,000 inhabitants. A positive value represents more people entering the country/region/area than leaving it, while a negative value means more people leaving than entering it.24
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Old-age dependency ratio
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The ratio measures the number of elderly people (above 65) as a share of those of working age (aged 15-64). As the ratio increases there may be an increased burden on the productive part of the population to maintain the pensions and other costs of the elderly. |
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Replacement level fertility
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The total fertility rate (TFR) that (if sustained) secures the replacement of the current population. In developed countries it is app. 2,1 children per woman. |
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Shrinking region
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The concept of the ‘shrinking region’ is a recent one, even if the phenomenon goes back many years. What is essentially new is that depopulation affects entire regions, including urban areas (‘shrinking cities’). The accurate definition of the concept is still the subject of debate. Even if the phenomenon of population decline is often linked to ageing, and certain unfavourable economic and social changes, it is preferable to stand by the simplest definition, which is the reduction in the number of inhabitants of a particular region during a longer time period. In the framework of the ADAPT2DC project population shrinkage is defined as the relative decline in the total population size in a NUTS3 region in a ten-year period. |
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Silver economy
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New economic segments opened up by older consumers’ rising demand for new types of products and services, such as personalised care, technological solutions enabling people to maintain a healthy and independent life as they age. The term ‘silver economy’ sometimes also encompasses the fact that there is an increasing segment of older workers who ought to be considered a resource in the labour market (additional productivity through longer careers, transferable skills to younger workers) contributing to economic growth.25
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Social (soft) infrastructure
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Institutions which are required to maintain the economic, health, and cultural and social standards of a country, such as education, health care, the financial system, the system of government and law enforcement.26
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